# Using Machine Learning to Predict Breast Cancer¶

Matt Massie, UC Berkeley Computer Sciences

• Machine learning (ML) is data driven. Machine learning algorithms are constructed to learn from and make predictions on data instead of having strictly static instructions.

• Supervised (e.g. classification) vs Unsupervised (e.g. anomaly detection) learning

• In this short talk, we'll explore the freely available Breast Cancer Wisconsin Data Set on the University of California, Irvine Machine Learning site.

• Data set creators:

1. Dr. William H. Wolberg, General Surgery Dept. University of Wisconsin, Clinical Sciences Center
2. W. Nick Street, Computer Sciences Dept. University of Wisconsin
3. Olvi L. Mangasarian, Computer Sciences Dept. University of Wisconsin

# Training and Test Data Sets¶

Each patient record is randomly assigned to a "training" data set (80%) or a "test" dataset (20%). Best practices have a cross-validation set (60% training, 20% cross-validation, 20% test).

In [2]:
training_set = load_data("data/breast-cancer.train")

print "Training set has %d patients" % (training_set.shape[0])
print "Test set has %d patients\n" % (test_set.shape[0])
print

Training set has 419 patients
Test set has 140 patients

patient_id  radius  texture  perimeter  smoothness  compactness
0     1299994       5        1          1           1            2
1     1099510      10        4          3           1            3
2     1275807       4        2          4           3            2

concavity  concave_points  symmetry  fractal_dimension  malignant
0          1               1         1                  1          0
1          3               6         5                  2          1
2          2               2         1                  1          0


# Linear Support Vector Machine Classification¶

The image to the left shows how support vector machine searches for a "Maximum-Margin Hyperplane" in 2-dimensional space.

The breast cancer data set is 9-dimensional.

Image by User:ZackWeinberg, based on PNG version by User:Cyc [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

# Using scikit-learn to predict malignant tumors¶

In [4]:
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from sklearn import svm

# (1) Scale the 'training set'
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
scaled_training_set_features = scaler.fit_transform(training_set_features)
# (2) Create the model
model = svm.LinearSVC(C=0.1)
# (3) Fit the model using the 'training set'
model.fit(scaled_training_set_features, training_set_malignant)
# (4) Scale the 'test set' using the same scaler as the 'training set'
scaled_test_set_features = scaler.transform(test_set_features)
# (5) Use the model to predict malignancy the 'test set'
test_set_malignant_predictions = model.predict(scaled_test_set_features)
print test_set_malignant_predictions

[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1]


# Evaluating performance of the model¶

In [5]:
from sklearn import metrics

accuracy = metrics.accuracy_score(test_set_malignant, \
test_set_malignant_predictions) * 100
((tn, fp), (fn, tp)) = metrics.confusion_matrix(test_set_malignant, \
test_set_malignant_predictions)

print "Accuracy: %.2f%%" % (accuracy)
print "True Positives: %d, True Negatives: %d" % (tp, tn)
print "False Positives: %d, False Negatives: %d" % (fp, fn)

Accuracy: 98.57%
True Positives: 53, True Negatives: 85
False Positives: 2, False Negatives: 0


# Other Common Machine Learning Algorithms¶

• Linear Regression
• Logistic Regression
• Decision Tree
• Neural Networks
• Naive Bayes
• K-Means
• Random Forest
• Dimensionality Reduction Algorithms

# Thank You¶

• Looking forward to working with the Chiu lab to evaluate the mNGS SURPI data and create an optimal machine learning solution
• Questions or comments, please feel free to contact me at massie@berkeley.edu